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Until的用法
比较until和till
此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时"，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。 正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。
肯定句：
I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。
Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。
(在肯定句中可用before代替 Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.)
否定句：
She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock.
她直到6点才到。
until 用法上的三个难点
一、
1. until用在肯定句,谓语动词通常是延续性动词,如stand, stay, talk, wait等,表示主句动作终止的时间。如:
③I waited until he came back.我一直等到他回来。
④The war lasted until 1945.战争持续到1945年。
如果用在否定句,谓语动词通常是瞬间性动词,如open, start, leave, arrive, finish, stop等,强调主句动作开始的时间。如:
⑤I didn't leave the boy until his mother turned up.直到这孩子的母亲来,我才离开。
⑥The noise of the street didn't stop until it was midnight.街上的噪音直到半夜才停止。
2.连词until引导的从句中谓语动词的时态
1)until后面的从句中不能用一般将来时，应该用一般现在时代替。所谓的“主将从现”。
He will stay here until his mother comes back.
They will study at the school until their parents come to take them home.
2)主句的谓语动词为一般现在时或一般将来时时， until从句中的谓语动词为现在完成时，用来强调从句谓语动词表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前。试比较：
I won’t go to bed until I have finished my homework. 我要完成作业才睡觉。
3) 主句中的谓语动词为一般过去时时，从句中的谓语动词为过去完成时，用来强调从句谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前。试比较：
Li Lei didn’t come until the film had begun. 直到电影开演，李雷才来。
二、until与before的区别
1.可直接换用的情况:在until能使用的句型中,即主句含有否定式终止性谓语动词或肯定式延续性动词,可与before直接替换,意义差别不大。如:
①The students won't go home until / before they finish their homework.学生们要先完成作业才能回家。
②The woman worked in the factory until/before 1990. 1990年以前这妇女在这家工厂上班。
2.不可换用的情况:当主句含有肯定式终止性谓语动词时,只能用before不能用until,且before常意为"没来得及……"或"……才……"等。如:
③Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦差不多将我撞倒才看见了我。
④He had measured me before I could get in a word.我还没来得及插话,他就把我的尺寸量好了。
三、not until的倒装与强调结构
1.当Not until位于句首时,句子要倒装。其结构为:Not until+从句/表时间的词+助动词+(主句)主语+谓语+...。如:
①Not until the teacher came in did the students stop talking.直到老师进来学生们才停止讲话。
②Not until next week will the sports meet be held.直到下周才开运动会。
2. not until的强调结构为:It is / was not until+从句/表时间的词+that+主句。上面两句为强调句为:
③It was not until the teacher came in that the students stopped talking.
④It is not until next week that the sports meet will be held.
BBC英语：一分钟By 和 Until用法区别
Hi guys! This is Kee from BBC Learning English, and today I'm going to tell you the differences between until and by.
大家好!我是BBC英语学习频道的基，今天我们来学学until和by之间的区别。
We use until to talk about doing something up to a certain point in time.
until用于表示做某事直到特定时间。
If I say:
如果我说：
I have to take care of my dog until 5pm,
我5点前都得照看我的狗。
it means I will start taking care of my dog now and stop taking care of it at 5pm.
也就是说我从现在开始直到下午5点都要照看我的狗。
On the other hand, we use by to talk about doing something before a future time or deadline.
另一方面，by用于表示在未来某个时间或截止时间之前要完成某事。
If I say:
如果我说：
I have to finish an essay by 5pm,
我必须在下午点前写完文章。
it means I can start any time but I will make sure that at 5pm I have finished writing the essay. So, I may even finish it at 3pm or any time before 5.
这句话意思是不管我从什么时候开始，但是下午5点前必须写完文章。也就是说我可以在下午3点写完或5点前任意时间写完。
So we use until to describe doing something up to a certain point in time and we use by to describe doing something before a future time or deadline.
所以，until用于表示做某事直到特定时间，by用于表示在未来某个时间或截止时间之前要完成某事。
英语语法：引语状语从句中till和until的用法
状语从句
在主从复合句中，用作状语的从句称为状语从句。常用状语从句有以下七种类型：
1.时间状语从句
表示时间的状语从句连接词通常用：
(6)till/until 直到… 表示某动作或状态持续到某一时间终止。
从句谓语动词多用一般时态，有时也可以用完成时态。例如：
They’ll stay at school until they are sixteen.
他们将在学校一直待到16岁。
The model plane kept flying till it hit into a stone wall.
模型飞机一直飞行直到撞在石头墙上。
They had to wait till Monday to ring the bank manager.
他们必须等到周一才能给银行经理打电话。
They didn’t stop running until they got to the end of the street.
他们一直奔到马路尽头才停下。
He won’t hand the exercise book in until got the end of the street.
直到订正了所有的错误他才会交上练习本。
The traffic laws don't take effect until the end of the year.
交通法要到年底才生效。
He put his retirement on hold until he had found a solution.
他推迟了退休，直到他找到了解决办法。
欢迎转发~~~发动大家来做作业，学英语~
英语作业20190311
一、选择填空:
35.Jimmy wrote down the prices of everything he bought, but found ___ he had not enough money for them.
A.whether B.why
C.that D.how
36.The guide said yes when I asked ___ the price included breakfast and serve charge.
A.how B.that
C.which D.whether
参考答案：
35-36:CD
二、分析句子的语法结构，并译成中文。
The aircraft manufacturer Boeing faces further questions over the safety of its 737 Max 8 jet as Ethiopian Airlines joined carriers in China and elsewhere in grounding the plane after a crash on Sunday that killed all 157 people onboard. 【The Guardian】
英语语法：介词from...to, till/until的用法
介词用于名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句前，表示与其他成分的关系。介词可以与名词、形容词和动词搭配表示不同的意义。
2.表示某一时间的介词
4)from…to…, till/until
from…to…表示从一点时间到另一点时间的一个阶段。比如：
The bank is open from 9a.m. to 6 p.m. every day.
这家银行每天上午九点到下午六点营业。
Adams was in New York from 1956 to 1967.
亚当从1956年到1967年在纽约。
till/until表示某动作或状态延续到某一时间终止。比如：
The supermarket is open till midnight.
这家超市一直开到半夜。
The student didn’t leave the park until 4 p.m.
学生们直到下午四点才离开公园。
The matter will keep till tomorrow.
这件事搁到明天再说。
欢迎转发~~~发动大家来做作业，学英语~
英语作业20181108
一、选择填空。
11. ___ about fifty years, electricallypowered cars will be a common sight in streets.
A. For B. Over
C. In D. After
12. ___ recent years, tea has becomemore popular than coffee.
A. For B. In
C. Until D. Since
参考答案：
11-12：CB
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